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The discrimination and opression of black communities in the United States of America is still a very big problem, despite many well knwon icons and celebreties from the USA are black for example one of the most popular presidents of the United States Barack Obama. The racism in the USA has a long history, it traces back to the 17^th century, but after many famous human right activists for the rights of black people for example Martin Luther King there still are news about racist attacs on black and the KKK is still very popular and according to a poll by the National Public Radio 92% of the blacks still think racism is a problem in the US.^[1]

Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 History 1.1 Important proceedings 2 Martin Luther King 2.1 Life 2.2 Fight for blacks rights 3 Ku-Klux-Klan 3.1 History of KKK 3.2 KKK today 4 Racism against black people in the USA today 4.1 Racism in the publicity 5 Further Reading and Web links 5.1 History of black people 5.2 Luther King 5.3 KKK 6 Sources 7 References

History

Important proceedings

Martin Luther King

Life

Fight for blacks rights

Ku-Klux-Klan

The Ku-Klux-Klan (short KKK) is a Protestant rascist and violent association from the USA. It was founded on the 24^th of December in 1865 in Tennessee by six officers from the southern states, therefore it is the first terrorist group of America. These officers fought for the Confederacy in the American Civil War 1860/61. When they started with night rides with masks they began with their anti-black policy. Soon they gained many members from all over the southern states, their maximum number of members was even at 6,000,000. Nowadays it is at about 5,000 - 12,000. Against common stereotypes their main targets are not only blacks, they attacked Jews, immigrants and Catholics as well but they are also anti-LGBT. Common procedures and ceremonies is lynching, torture e.g. whipping or Cross burnings (since Grand Wizard William Joseph Simmons), also the well known white robes are their traditional wear to hide their identity^[2].

History of KKK

The Ku Klux Klan emerged in aftermath of the Civil War 1860/61 and was founded in the Reconstruction in 1865 in Pulaski, Tennessee by six military veterans from the southern states. As the defeated of the Civil War one of their first goals was the sabotage of Reconstruction but soon they started with masked horserides at night and realized that blacks were afraid of them and the blacks became their main target, they wanted to maintain the "white supremacy". After the Emancipation Proclamation 1862 the Ku Klux Klan wanted to restore the "racial order" how it was before the Civil War ^[3]. They attacked many freed black slaves and gained more popularity after riots in the 1860s when white societies were formed to stand up against the abolishment of slavery. Later in 1867 they tried to create a hierarchy in Nashville but local KKK organisations were mostly independent. George Gordon, one of the first members and a former Confederate General wrote the KKK's first Prescript, in which he supported and highlighted their conviction in the "white supremacy". Their organisation was really chaotic at first, not structured, many local brands basically did their own things and did not follow the Prescript. According to historain Eric Foner the Ku Klux Klan was the military force for the Democratic Party, the planter class and the people who wanted to restore the white supremacy ^[4]. They started early with killing and supress blacks which voted for example. Some anti-KKK movements were formed and in 1871 Benjamin Franklin Butler wrote the Civil Right Act or the first "Ku Klux Klan Act" which were signed by the President Grant and when the Klan refused to dissolve their Klan severeal Clansman were arrested and reluctantly the Klan with about 550,000 members was abolished. Nevertheless many groups of white racists were formed until 1915 the second Klan was founded by William Joseph Simmons. The first Klan was gloryfied and romanticised, especially by the movie "The Birth of a Nation" by D. W. Griffith based on a book by Thomas Dixon Jr, who opposed eqaul right for blacks. The second clan was primarily from the midwest to west and their biggest enemy were the Catholics and Jews, the blacks only their third biggest were the blacks. Later they got anti-Communist as well. From 1920 the clan grew rapidley to a number of more than 4 million, the Klan's values and christian moral appealed to many people in the US. Some historians think that the public discusions about the KKK was a help for its rise. The second Klan even influenced statre governments, for instance Oregon and Indiana, the 1922 leader's aim of the KKK Hiram W. Evans 1922 was to turn the Klan into an influencial and powerful political group^[5][6]

KKK today

Racism against black people in the USA today

Racism in the publicity

Further Reading and Web links

History of black people

• BBC documentary series about racism (three episodes): ep. 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2Ofa_GMKJU&t=2942s / ep. 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hNiuzX2u3E / ep. 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSKQTu0ZV4k
• BBC videos on black people in America and their lives on plantations: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00fcqv9/clips

Luther King

• Short video by "3Sat" on the death of Martin Luther King (german): https://www.zdf.de/kultur/kulturzeit/martin-luther-king-114.html

KKK

• KKK FBI-Files: https://archive.org/details/KKK-FBI
• "Die Arier", 2014: german documentary about right-wing extremism in Germany and other countries, http://www.bpb.de/mediathek/198266/die-arier (about USA and KKK from 00:46:20, Interview with a KKK-Member 1:13:10)

Sources

• Brandenburgische Landeszentrale für politische Bildung, Article on the KKK (german): https://www.politische-bildung-brandenburg.de/node/8755
• Roland G. Fryer, Jr., Steven D. Levitt: Hatred and Profits: Under the Hood of the Ku Klux Klan
• Article on the KKK in the twentieth century: https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/ku-klux-klan-twentieth-century

References

1. ↑ Research by the National Public Radio in corporation with the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, October 2017: https://www.npr.org/assets/img/2017/10/23/discriminationpoll-african-americans.pdf
2. ↑ "Die Arier", 2014: german documentary about right-wing extremism in Germany and other countries, http://www.bpb.de/mediathek/198266/die-arier, Interview with KKK Member at 1:13:10
3. ↑ Lewis, Michael; Serbu, Jacqueline: Kommemorating the Ku Klux Klan, from University of North Carolina and Wake Forest University: http://www.jimelwood.net/students/chiba/lewis_serbu_2008.pdf
4. ↑ Foner, Eric: Reconstruction. America's Unfinished Revolution, 1988; p. 425/426: https://books.google.de/books?id=cwVkgrvctCcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=foner+reconstruction&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrpM2uwPfgAhXEKFAKHZJpADkQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
5. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140916012701/http://preachthecross.net/history-of-the-ku-klux-klan/
6. ↑ Article on the KKK in the twentieth century: https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/ku-klux-klan-twentieth-century